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How to Interpret the fossil
Record
by Sean Pitman
[Editor's Remark: This material was slected from Dr. Sean Pitmans website listed at the bottom. It is posted here to entice you to access the original in its entirety. It is a rather lenghty article, but worth reading it. The addendums were posted reflecting selected exchange between Dr. Pitman and readers of his web site.]
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The standard approach to looking at fossils in the geological column is to assume that lower is older. Since the geologic column represents millions of years of Earth's history, then obviously the fossils in each of the layers must be the same age as the layer that they are found in. What is especially interesting is that the fossils do appear to show a progression from the most "simple" of organisms, such as single celled creatures like bacteria, to the most "complex" organisms, such as vertebrates, mammals, and of course humans.
This evolutionary progression seems to be clearly demonstrated in that certain kinds of creatures in the upper layers are rarely if ever seen in lower layers. Many of the layers also show a certain specialization. Some layers contain mostly fish fossils while others contain land-dwelling creatures such as dinosaurs. Since each of these layers seems so specialized it is easy to conclude that one type of creature gave rise to the next type of creature over the course of whatever time it took to form the various layers between them. Radiometric dating and many other techniques are used to support the idea that this transformation process took tens and hundreds of millions of years ...
Surprisingly there are quite a few problems with the geologic column itself being a representation of millions of years of Earth's history. Much of the evidence available seems to point more toward the rapid formation of much of the column. Of course popular science disagrees stating that these layers represent millions of years of history and that the fossils they contain are likewise millions of years old. However, there are just a few problems that might suggest another interpretation ...
Time itself destroys soft tissues as well as DNA and proteins in short order. Current real-time observations suggest that bio-proteins could not remain intact more than a few tens of thousands of years - 100,000 years at the very outside limit of protein decay. The fact that such proteins are found, intact, in bones supposedly older than 65 million years is simply inconsistent with such an assumed age - by many orders of magnitude ...
The fossil evidence clearly supports a catastrophic interpretation for much of the geologic column. In fact, "catastrophists" are becoming the norm, even in mainstream scientific circles that were once staunchly in support of "uniformitarianism." The uniformitarian notion of slow deposition over millions of years of time is no longer accepted by scientists. It is now believed that magnificent catastrophes formed much of the geologic column with the millions of years passing between these catastrophic episodes of deposition ...
Such "current" orientation is found throughout the fossil record, with orientation of fossils being observed over vast areas, sometimes hundreds of thousands of square miles. Although not all fossils show current orientation, a sizable percentage do show such current orientation. Clearly, such orientation on such massive scales as are found throughout the fossil record are not consistent with slow sedimentation and burial, but rapid burial by the heavily silted currents of a large and sometimes massive fluvial event or series of closely spaced events.
Yet another interesting finding concerning petrified trees, is that many of them extend vertically through millions and millions of years of sedimentary rock ...
Another unique fact is that for many land animals, excluding birds and mammals, their footprints are not generally located in the same layer that their bodies are found, but in lower layers.56 Did the footprints evolve before they did? The footprints of dinosaurs, for example, are almost always located in lower levels than the actual fossilized bones of the dinosaur itself ...
As far as the fossilized bones of large animals, such as the dinosaurs and large mammals, they are also generally oriented in the same direction for any given layer, and this is true the world over. Did these animals position themselves in the same direction as they died? ...
Sometimes a large species of dinosaur will be found in a particular layer with almost nothing else in the same layer with this large meat-eating dinosaur. 1 What on earth did the dinosaur live on for millions of years? ...
It seems like the Morrison Formation is, "practically barren of plant fossils throughout most of its sequence." And yet, some of the preserved remains are from very large plant eating dinosaurs. For example, the dinosaur Apatosaurus is thought to have consumed about 3 or 4 tons of vegetation on a daily basis. The relative lack of preserved vegetation makes one wonder how such massive beasts survived in this environment ...
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Read more: http://www.detectingdesign.com/fossilrecord.html
A Question Regarding the Italian Wall Lizard
Hey Sean,
I was wondering if you have heard about the evolving Italian wall lizards? Here is the address if you have not heard about them: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080421-lizard-evolution_2.html
They have supposedly evolved cecal valves along their intestine walls which makes the (insectivorous) lizards now currently able to eat and digest vegetation; this is evidently because insects are rare on the island (?). (This is a bit perplexing (hence the question mark) to me as insects are one of the most pervasive groups of animals, how could they not be on that island as there are mosquitoes that live in Antarctica. Although maybe they were destroyed by the civil war there (?).)
I was wondering what your thoughts are on this, since you have a better understanding of the micro-biological processes behind them than I do.
If you could give me any information, I would be much obliged.
Thanks,
Zach
Dr. Pitman's Response
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Hey Zach,
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Interesting article. I'm sure that some islands have more or less of some types of insects than do other types of islands. Anyway, the interesting point is the argument that these lizards experienced "fast track evolution of an entirely new intestinal system".
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I suggest that this statement is just a bit wishful. What happened is that they evolved a larger cecal valve. Almost certainly they already had the underlying genetics for a cecal valve (which isn't a very complicated structure by the way) but it wasn't very large in the non-vege lizards. All that had to happen is a bit of selection for larger cecal valves over time.
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It is the very same sort of evolution that produces different sizes of finch beaks and different colored moths in different environments. It is basically Mendelian genetics. Nothing really new is evolving into the gene pool here that wasn't already there. The gene pool remains the same. It is just that different portions of its potential are expressed. This sort of "evolution" can and does happen very rapidly all the time since nothing really new as far as genetic information or potential is actually introduced into the gene pool. This is nothing new or dramatic. It is essentially the same as selection for the enhancement of certain desired traits via breeding - like for cows that produce more milk or horses that run faster etc.
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Hope this helps.
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Sean
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Amanda Asks About the Iron-Sulfur
Theory of Origins
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Hi Dr. Pitman,
It's Amanda again (the teacher). What do you know about this theory and the creation of life? I get the general idea but could not find much more about it.
Thanks,
Amanda
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Dr. Pitman Responds
Hi Amanda,
As I see it, the problem with the iron-sulfur theory is the same as it has always been. It isn't enough to produce a few amino acids via non-directed chemical processes (regardless of if the process involves iron, sulfur, clay, or any other such catalyst). The most simple living thing that we know of seems to require several hundred unique proteins and protein-based systems. This indicates a genome of at least 100,000 bp of DNA or RNA as well as the proteins needed to decode this genetic information. This sizable genome and the protein systems and the lipid membrane are all needed before even the most simple self-replicating "living thing" could be realized in a way that would put it under the powers of natural selection. Remember this iron-sulfer theory is supposed to have worked before the guiding force of natural selection is even theoretically around.
This is the problem with the ToE as a whole. It is a problem of extrapolating very limited findings too far. Just because the very first steps can be independently synthesized by natural processes doesn't mean that enough of them can be synthesized in what anyone would call a reasonable amount of time. It would be like me demonstrating my ability to roll double sixes with a pair of dice fairly often and then suggesting that I could also roll double sixes 100,000 times in a row without too much problem as well. That's just bogus thinking - truly living in a fantasy world in my opinion.
Hope this helps . . .
Sean
P.S. Wikipedia gives a decent overview of the iron-sulfur theory ( Link ).
A Comment from a Pitman's Website Visitor
On Fri, Jun 13, 2008 at 2:04 AM, Isley, Jason Glenn < jisley2@uic.edu> wrote:
I stumbled on to your website at about 10:00 and now its 4:00 in the
morning, thanks for keeping me up with all the interesting reading. I'm a
medical artist finishing up grad school at UIC- for several years I've
been sick of hearing truly irrational Darwinian conclusions spouted out by
both my professors and friends. Sadly, I think most people don't really
give a lot of thought to what they say they believe-unfortunately true for
many Christians as well. Great articles.
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